In 2010, the drought in the five provinces and autonomous regions in southwest China caused at least 2.18 million people to return to poverty, and the economic loss exceeded 35 billion yuan; Fuzhou sang Kaidi Bank breach, affected area of ​​70 square kilometers, affected more than 100,000 people, 13.5 million mu of farmland was flooded .

With frequent natural disasters, it is exposed that rural water conservancy construction is backward, so that the majority of rural areas are still in a very fragile situation and respond to the disaster in the face of fatigue. The reason for this is that the lack of supporting funds has become a key issue that has prevailed everywhere.

However, the issuance of “No. 1 Document” may provide a solution to the problems that have plagued China’s rural areas, such as the loss of small and medium-sized rivers and the lagging drought-resistant facilities, by establishing a stable growth mechanism for water conservancy investment.

According to the “1 Document” mentioned in the draft, 10% of land transfer funds will be used for irrigation and water conservancy construction, and in accordance with the total amount of 2.7 trillion RMB of land transfer fees in 2010, only this one will be given. The irrigation and water conservancy construction will provide 270 billion yuan of funds.

The so-called farmland water conservancy construction is based on the speech made by Minister of Water Resources Chen Lei at the National Water Conservancy Work Conference at the end of 2010. The main contents involved include drought-resistant facilities, repair of water-damaged disasters, reinforcement of reservoirs, rural drinking water safety, Irrigation area supporting transformation and construction of small farmland water conservancy projects.

Compared with 2009 and 2010, the investment in the basic construction of farmland water conservancy in China was 71.088 billion yuan and 11.13915 billion yuan respectively. It is expected that the funds for irrigation and water conservancy construction will be more than 270 billion yuan in the future. The capacity for disaster prevention and resilience of rural areas in China will undoubtedly be A strong capital supplement.

Dilemma of rural water conservancy construction funds is expected to be solved

In 2009, drought in Anhui Province and drought in North China, drought in southwest China in 2010, heavy rain in the south, geological disasters in mountain torrents, etc. In many natural disasters, the drawbacks of outdated and incomplete rural water infrastructures were fully exposed, and the natural disasters were exacerbated to some extent. Impact. A typical example is the lack of reinforcement and risk elimination in rural water conservancy, resulting in the loss of many small and medium-sized rivers.

When “First Financial Daily” reporter interviewed Professor Duan Xiangbao of Nanjing Institute of Water Conservancy, Duan Xiangbao said: “Over the past few decades, the governance of the country’s big rivers and rivers has basically been completed, but there are still many small and medium-sized rivers, and some of them have failed to meet standards. Some governance has met the standard, but it has not completed the various needs of the river for the region."

One of the most important reasons for investigating the causes of the mismanagement of these small and medium-sized rivers is capital. Rural water conservancy facilities are still mainly funded by the state and local governments. However, in terms of the proportion of sources of funding for river management, in the west it is 70% out of the country and 30% out of the country, but in other provinces it is the state and the local government. Many local governments are unable to implement rural water conservancy construction because of their financial strength.

Since local government finances are weak, then more rural water conservancy construction can rely on subsidies from the central government. In addition, except for the provinces with leading development in financial services such as Zhejiang, most rural areas in the central and western regions find it difficult to find support from other financing sources such as financial credit.

"Actually, from the solution point of view, new water conservancy technology can now solve governance problems. What is missing is funding." Duan Xiangbao believes.

This dilemma that has plagued China’s many rural water conservancy projects may be relieved during the “12th Five-Year Plan” period. This year's "Document No. 1" clearly stated that 10% of rural land transfer funds should be used for irrigation and water conservancy construction. In the next 10 years, it is expected that the average annual input of water resources in the society will be twice as high as in 2010. Among them, we must strengthen the construction of weak links in farmland water conservancy. In addition, we must speed up the management of small and medium-sized rivers, and strengthen reservoir reinforcement.

In addition to extracting 10% of rural land transfer funds for irrigation and water conservancy construction, “Document No. 1” also proposes that budgetary fiscal expenditures should ensure agricultural inputs while focusing on water conservancy construction. The fiscal funds at all levels must significantly increase the total amount and increase of water conservancy investment, and further increase the proportion of water conservancy construction funds in the national fixed-asset investment.

In addition, the water conservancy construction fund mobilization policy should be further enriched and perfected, the sources and scale of the fund should be expanded, the length of the expropriation period should be extended, and the relevant financial subsidy policies should be improved. At the same time, the investment and financing channels for water conservancy construction will be further broadened, and measures such as the gradual introduction of credit funds and social capital into water conservancy infrastructure construction in Zhejiang Province will be further explored and promoted.

However, this kind of policy measures to extract some of the land transfer funds from each locality for water conservancy construction has broadened the funding sources for rural water conservancy governance. However, compared with the previous input mechanisms for water conservancy construction by the central and local governments, it still does not solve the problem. Differences in funds and actual needs for water conservancy construction throughout the country. For example, the overall water conservancy facilities in the more backward areas are often weaker, the greater the demand for water conservancy construction funds, and the land transfer fees are lower than other areas. How to subsidize it still requires further detailed planning and coordination.

Strict control of total

An uncontroversial fact is that the shortage of water resources has become a bottleneck problem that restricts the sustainable development of our cities. At present, China's per capita water resources are 2,066 cubic meters per capita, and the northern six areas are still less than 750 cubic meters per person, while the average world average is over 8,500 cubic meters per person.

“The serious reality of water shortages is not just a shortage of water, but there is also a problem that the water environment is deteriorating, especially because of the excessive exploitation of water resources, which will lead to the deterioration of the water environment and increase the pollution of the water environment. The development rate of water resources in the six northern regions of China has reached 57%, and individual watersheds are even higher. In river pollution, the water quality of Haihe and Huaihe Rivers is still facing pollution problems, said Professor Wang Xiaochang, Vice President of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology.

In this regard, the first of the “three red lines” in the “No. 1 Document” this year is to establish the control red line for the development and utilization of water resources and strictly control the total amount of water resources development and utilization. The red line will be clear. By 2015, the total amount of water used in the country will be controlled within 620 billion cubic meters, of which groundwater exploitation will be controlled within 100 billion cubic meters. For areas where the total water intake has reached or exceeded the total control target, new water use for approval of construction projects shall be suspended, and the total amount of water taken shall approach the area where the water control permit control index is used, and the approval of new water use shall be restricted.

In addition, it is necessary to improve the supporting measures and implement the national water use total control goal through strict water resources verification, strict implementation of water abstraction licenses, and a system of paid use of water resources, and strengthening unified water resources management. In the subsequent "Opinions" and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan," specific targets for the "red line" will be proposed.

In this regard, a pilot has been officially launched in Shandong.

As the per capita water resources occupy the third lowest in the country, the province's per capita possession of water resources is only 334 cubic meters, less than 1/6 of the nation's per capita water shortage in the province, the total control of water use has become the process of development in Shandong A big problem that must be solved.

In response, Shandong issued the first local government regulation on the control of total water consumption - "Administrative Measures for Total Water Consumption Control in Shandong Province", which is intended to control the total amount of water used. This regulation has been formally implemented since January 1 this year.

According to the "Measures", areas with total water consumption that meet or exceed the total water consumption control target will be prohibited from adding new water. This means that the previous "distribution on demand" will be converted into a "water supply distribution" system of water resources management.

Du Changwen, director of the Department of Water Resources of Shandong Province, told the media that the main focus of this new approach is to strictly control three barriers: the total amount of water used for residential use, and the total amount of water used in each city and county must be controlled within the range of available water. Internally, the local administrative chiefs who control the "red line" for the amount of available water in the area are held accountable; for water efficiency, each industry must determine the basic water quota, and if it exceeds the water quota, it shall not apply for water permit approval; Pollution capacity is closed to guide the reuse of water and recycling, to achieve discharge standards, avoid excessive pollution caused by excessive emissions, affecting water quality and safety.

The formulation of specific water use is based on the "Shandong Water Resources Comprehensive Plan" and the relevant water allocation plan, and the total water consumption control indicators for 17 cities in the province over the next five years have been allocated. If the municipality or county’s GDP of 10,000 yuan of gross domestic product, the water value of the industrial added value of 10,000 yuan, and the irrigation rate of agricultural water-saving irrigation do not meet the national and provincial assessment standards, the annual water use for the next year shall be reduced accordingly. Control indicators.

The "Measures" also stipulates the establishment of an area-granting system for water withdrawal permits. Where water withdrawals meet or exceed the annual water use control targets, the competent water administrative department shall suspend the approval of the water abstraction license for new construction, reconstruction, and expansion projects in this area. If the amount of water taken reaches the total amount of water use control, the approval of the water withdrawal permit shall be suspended.

Shandong's new water resources management method can prompt governments at all levels to determine the mode of economic development and industrial layout according to local conditions of water resources and prevent excessive exploitation and utilization of water resources. According to Gao Xixing, director of the Department of Water Resources of the Department of Water Resources of Shandong Province, Shandong Province had previously conducted preemptive trials in the three cities of Heze, Zibo and Linyi. Looking at the situation in the pilot areas, the original intention of the system design for maintaining the sustainable use of water resources by controlling the total amount of water used, and thus forcing changes in the economic development mode, has been markedly effective.

While strictly controlling the total amount of water use, Shandong also encourages the use of market mechanisms to rationally allocate water resources, and water transactions can be conducted between regions based on the water allocation scheme. The use of sewage to treat reclaimed water and desalinated seawater is not limited by the water control indicators during the planning period and the annual water control targets.

Total weight constraint and quality guidance

“The overall thinking of the 12th Five-Year Water Environment Protection Program focuses on three aspects: controlling the total discharge of pollutants, improving the quality of the environment, and preventing risks.” Wang Dong, Director of the Environmental Planning Institute of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, attended the 12th Five-Year Plan of China. The key water issues that need to be considered during the seminar had been expressed.

This idea is actually a transition from pollution-based governance to a combination of pollution control and prevention; and a transition from reducing pollutants to improving quality.

Wang Dong analyzed that during the “10th Five-Year Plan” period, total control was only used as a guide, the state did not assess, and the effect was not very satisfactory; the total control during the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period was binding, and the state must assess if the local government was finished. If this is not the case, we must take responsibility. In this situation, total control has been well implemented. During the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period, the total amount control may be a period in which both the total quantity constraint and the quality guide are both emphasized. The state began to pay attention to quality improvement, and the reduction of pollutants can begin to have a preliminary correspondence with quality improvement. By 2015 to 2020, total control and quality improvement will be constrained at the same time. From 2025 to 2030, it began to focus on quality improvement.

However, while the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" put forward higher requirements for water environmental protection, the challenges faced by our country's water environment are also becoming increasingly severe. Chen Jining, executive vice president of Tsinghua University, pointed out that the continued increase in population pressure, the pressure of urbanization and industrialization, food security (mainly structural problems, not quantity problems, such as the rising demand for meat and eggs), environmental pressures Unbalance and development model issues are the biggest challenges to China's water environment.

Chen Jining said that especially considering that China is still relying on the auto industry and real estate to drive economic growth, which is accompanied by high investment and high pollution, the historical stage of development will occur. By 2030, the pressure on the environment will not be reduced, and the pressure in the eastern region will be reduced. Will be more focused. Therefore, the protection of the water environment should also become an important driving force in advancing the adjustment of economic structure and changing the economic development mode in the actual economic operation.

The idea of ​​this shift from pollution control to prevention and control is reflected in this year's "Document 1". In the context of the scarcity of water resources in China, in order to cope with over-exploitation of water resources, use of low efficiency and pollution, the state plans to implement the most stringent water resources management system and establish a red line for water resources management and control, and use of water resources, water efficiency, and sewage disposal. Strict control and management are implemented. The management of binding indicators on water resources will enter the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan”.

In particular, the third red line in the “most stringent water resources management system” is to establish a water function zone to limit the red line of pollution and strictly control the total amount of pollutants discharged into the river. It is from the beginning that pollution prevention is strictly controlled.

The water function limits the redline indicator of pollution, and it is determined that the compliance rate of major rivers and lake water function areas in the country should be increased to more than 60%. “No. 1 Document” requires that all regions must strictly comply with the requirements for water quality objectives in water functional areas, strictly regulate the capacity of polluting waters, and strictly control the total amount of pollutants discharged into rivers and lakes; water quality objectives in water functional areas must be used as water pollution prevention and control at all levels of government. The important basis for pollution reduction work. For areas where the amount of pollutants discharged has exceeded the total amount of drainage in the water function area, the approval of new intakes and access to river drains shall be restricted.

However, experts believe that to truly implement this "third red line" and strictly comply with the water function to limit pollution, the first thing to do is to "understand the foundation" and that is to establish a comprehensive water environment management division system. Li Yunsheng, director of the Water Environment Department of the Environmental Planning Institute of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, said that the state must formulate a special plan for water pollution prevention and control according to river basins, analyze the river basin water environment problems in the control area, and clarify the key points and directions for pollution control.

At the same time, Li Yunsheng believes that it is also necessary to improve the water environment supervision system, establish a nationwide water environment supervision network with overall coverage and scientific layout, improve the pollution source monitoring system and water pollution warning system, timely control the pollution discharge behavior, prevent pollution risks, and ensure the water environment. Safety.

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